This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration and Social Psycholophy.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Macroeconomic Uncertainty, Sustainable Development, Working Capital Management, Local Authority Development, Environmental Values, Sales Promotion and Pricing Strategy. It is argued in one of the papers that building collapses in Nigeria might be decreased if policymakers and the government focused more on the problem of upholding developmental bylaws, made sure that these laws are updated to reflect the global trend of urbanization, and so forth. It is therefore, suggested amongst others, that Local authorities should also set up guidelines to incentivize new developers to follow building regulations and bylaws, as well as to construct safety precautions to lessen the likelihood of collapses in Nigeria.

Papers in the second part are on Social Psychology. It is revealed in one of the papers in this section that that there are a lot of predisposing factors that trigger marital dissolution among couples in the study area, but few of them were identified. It is recommended that couples should regularly attend seminars and workshops on topics related to marital harmony and conflict resolution. It is also suggested that uncensored languages should not be used among couples and the need of premarital counseling among couples is emphasized.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Human Reseource Management, Educational Management, Social Psycholophy and Literary Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Democratic Consolidation, Sustainable Development, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is argued in one of the papers that Nigeria needs more responsive and inclusive governance model by promoting the decentralization of power and giving local communities more authority over resources. It is therefore, suggested amongst others, that Nigeria may move toward a future characterized by greater justice and prosperity by tearing down the legacy of the colonial era and supporting grassroots efforts. Restructuring appears to be a concrete way to fulfill the dreams of the people as the country struggles with its developmental obstacles.

Papers in the second section are on Human Research Management. One of the papers in this Section reveals that there are gaps in regulatory oversight and enforcement. Inadequate monitoring and supervision can allow malpractices to go unchecked. Insufficient transparency in reporting practices was also identified to hampers stakeholders' ability to assess the performance and integrity of pension fund administrators. It is therefore, recommended that government should empower Pension Commission to summon the Chairmen, Directors or Managers of non-compliant employers and impose severe sanctions on them. Above all, Pension Commission should embrace high level standard of corporate governance. While tapping into global expertise for training and education of staff, systems development, technology and information communication technology.

Using Ijebu Metropolis of Ogun State, Nigeria as a case study, one the papers, in the third section on Educational Management, examines Secondary School Students’ Attitude Towards Gender Stereotype. It consequently, recommends that teacher training needs to be conducted in a way that will allow for the promotion of necessary awareness and knowledge about how to reduce gender-stereotypes through classroom teaching and learning.

Papers in the fourth section are on Social Psychology. It is revealed in one of the papers in this section that married men's perceptions and knowledge of family planning were significantly influenced by Family Planning Radio Health Messages, but not their attitudes towards the practice. The paper therefore, recommends that Family Planning Radio Health Messages should be refocused to target men not just women alone since men have the headship position to make some decisions in many families in the South-Western part of Nigeria.

In last section on Literary Studies, one of the papers examines the extent to which the term “Choreoclecy” can really fare where it concerns esoterically inclined African worship dances with propensity for trance. Using Descriptive Analytical Approach, the study revealed that this term is articulated through the basic principles and formulae that are required to aid easy dissection and analysis of the inherent compositional structures in most worship dances.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Educational Psychology, Social Philosophy, Business and Entrepreneurial Studies as well as Creative Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Commercial Agriculture, Revenue or Fiscal Policies, Debt Management, Imperialism, Welfare Services, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is argued in one of the papers that monetary policy fundamentals have significant push-up effects on commodity prices. It is therefore, suggested amongst others, that the monetary policy authority should attractively peg the price of government’s securities, moderate money supply and interest rate to enhance monetary stability for driving diversified private sector investments which if sustained will dampen commodity price in the long-run.

Papers in the second section are on Educational Psychology. One of the papers in this Section argues that computer assisted instruction method is an effective method for improving students’ Mathematics achievement in students. It is therefore, recommended that recommended that Computer Assisted Instruction should be applied in the teaching of Mathematics in schools to improve academic achievements.

Using Nigeria as a case study, one the papers, in the third section on Social Philosophy, examine the problem of corruption in Africa, holistic definition of corruption, nature and characteristics of corruption, evil of corruption, and the causes of corruption, legal and institutional fight against corruption in Nigeria, how religion aids corruption and the role of religion in combating corruption as a social responsibility/intervention in Nigeria. It consequently, recommends that religious institution should as a matter of urgency be the watchdog and the conscience of the common man in nation with respect to combating corruption in Nigeria.

Papers in the fourth section are on Business and Entrepreneurial Studies. It is revealed in one of the papers in this section that corporate entrepreneurship dimensions correlated significantly with performance of selected deposit money banks in Nigeria. The paper therefore, recommends that value creation of top management should indulge the opinion of their customers through questionnaires and feedback mechanism. This would give the organisation an insight to what the customers’ expectations regarding new things that are brawling up in similar competitive organisations. In the same vein indulging customer’s opinion while launching new products, would make them feel carried along and valuable.

In last section on Creative Studies, one of the papers explores how mass media discuss contemporary issues of insecurity. Using Content Analysis Research, the study revealed that bandit attacks and Government security agencies' efforts were the dominant issues, and conflict and human-interest frames were the prominent news frames used to present banditry issues across the three selected television stations. Consequently, findings of the research work support tenets of agenda-setting and framing theories. It is recommended that television stations increase the patterns and depth of their coverage, as well as the news frames used to present banditry issues.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology and Personnel Management.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Techonological Innovations, Torism Management, Climate Change, Security or Intellegence Management, Welfare Services, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is argued in one of the papers that if good governance must be bequeathed to future generations, then the present generation of leaders must be willing to exercise good mentorship in all ramifications, even in the academia. It is therefore, suggested amongst others, that mentorship should be taken seriously especially by lecturers, politicians, and officers in government, to ensure National Development.

Papers in the second section are on Social Psychology. One of the papers in this Section argues that it seems something of a paradox that these women – novelists in engaging in feminist critiques of patriarchy, should to some extent appear to do so through the agency of the difficult relationship between a mother-figure and a daughter even when no psychological exploration in the delineation of these characters appears to be intended in these novels. The paper aims to draw attention to each of these writers’ representation of certain aspects of the relations between the female protagonist of their respective novels, who appears to embody the novelist’s feminist values, and her parents, especially to the uneasy tensions that seem to exist between them.  

In last section on Personnel Management, one of the papers explores the challenges arising from the influences of ethnic diversity, which tend to undermine the adherence to merit principles in the recruitment processes of the Delta State Public Service. The study is grounded in the Weberian bureaucratic model, offering recommendations to address the issues affecting the effectiveness of recruitment exercises in the Delta State Public Service due to primordial factors. One key recommendation is the implementation of measures that prioritize merit over traditional recruitment methods. Specifically, the paper suggests that the recruitment process should be based on the expertise of recognized professionals in the respective fields, aiming to hire the necessary staff while avoiding an excess of personnel in the system.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Journalism and Media Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Poverty, Alleviation, Fiscal Policy, Institution Building, Security or Intellegence Management, Welfare Services, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is established in one of the papers that a positive and statistically significant interactive effect of corruption and accountability on poverty reduction, confirming the role of accountability as a strong moderator necessary to cushion the negative effect of corruption in the society. The paper recommends therefore, that governments should prioritize ethics and integrity in public service delivery. This includes establishing ethical norms, offering thorough anti-corruption training, and cultivating an integrity culture among public employees. Implementing procedures to require public officials to declare their assets, enforcing conflict-of-interest legislation, and encouraging ethical leadership can all help to reduce corruption and improve public service delivery.

Papers in the second section are on Journalism and Media Studies. Using how to report Terrorism in the era of Politics and Electioneering in Nigeria as its focus, one of the papers in these sections argues that reporting terrorism is a difficult task on the part of the reporter who sometimes finds himself/herself in a dilemma as he is faced with the task of reporting facts (not fiction) amid ensuring that the media organization is not offended.   To tackle this problem, the paper, therefore, recommends reduction of poverty and inequality, promotion of justice and fairness and the rule of law, greater participation in governance, and improvement in intelligence gathering among others.

In last section on Social Psychology, one of the papers discusses peer group and family background as correlates of indiscipline among adolescent students in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. According to the paper, peer group influence and family background significantly influences indiscipline among adolescent students. The paper suggests that parents should always inculcating the right moral values in their children by conforming to societal norm themselves so that they will not influence their wards negatively.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology and Human Resource Management.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Policy, Institution Building, Security or Intellegence Management, Welfare Services, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is established in one of the papers that Nigeria’s institutions are generally weak and dysfunctional, persistently incapable of delivering on broad national goal of promoting growth and development. If we are to build institutions that will raise the quality of life of Nigerians, there should be policies that would result in institution building, that regulate the conduct of all in respect of institutional change and economic performance. The paper recommends therefore, that there must be political will towards implementing sound governmental policies and strengthening institutions that would make the citizens to have confidence in the leadership for stable political systems that would ensure economic prosperity and national security.

Papers in the second section are on Social Psychology. Using Pregnant Women at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria as case studies, one of the papers in these sections argues theoretically and demonstrates empirically that The Knowledge and attitude of the pregnant women towards substance use in pregnancy was poor. Education significantly differentiated pregnant women with positive attitude from those with negative attitude. It is, therefore, recommended that health education should be carried out for pregnant women on the abuse of substance.

In third section on Educational Psychology, one of the papers discusses the impact of untimely semester results on academic performance of students using Economics Department in TCNN College of Education Bukuru of Plateau State, Nigeria, as a case study. According to the paper, some of these negative impacts include: withdrawal, low moral for studies, demonstration or unrest, Paying extra fee and waste of time, energy and resources of the student. The paper suggests the problem could be addressed by timely release of students’ results, making academic boards sit on results as expected, doing internal and external moderations of scripts/results within the school (internally), introducing Management Information System and Proper monitoring by the school authority

The last section on Human Resource Management, it is argued in one of the papers that organizational diversity climate reduces the positive correlation between empowerment and intention to leave. It is, therefore, recommended strengthening empowerment practices, fostering a positive diversity climate, and routine evaluation of climate diversity among employees.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration Social Psychology and Educational Management.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Policy, Economic Repositioning, Waste Management, Oil Politics, Rural Development and Good Governanace. It is established in one of the papers that deposit money bank credit to agriculture and exchange rates has direct and significant effect on agricultural sector output while interest rate has a direct but insignificant impact on agricultural sector performance. As the solutions to these challenges, the paper concludes among others that need for institutional reforms that will drive credit facilities to the agricultural sector, and promote favorable institutional environments, make it stronger and Anti-corruption laws should be applied strongly, so that illegal agricultural sector business can be curtailed in the country.

Papers in the second section are on Social Psychology. Using residents in poor urban communities in Lagos State, Nigeria as case studies, one of the papers in these sections argues theoretically and demonstrates empirically that vote buying is a major determinant that defines the voting behaviour of poor and vulnerable voters. It is therefore recommended that government must proactively and genuinely embark on effective poverty alleviation schemes in order to address the menace of vote buying.

The last section on Educational Management, one of the papers discusses types of social vices, which includes; Indecent Dressing, drug abuse and alcoholism, cultism, promiscuity and prostitution, examination malpractice, gambling, cybercrime, frauds and money laundering. The paper also discusses roles played by business education in curbing social vices in educational sector.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration and Social Psychology.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Policy, Economic Repositioning, Voters’ Mobilization, Rural Development, Corruption and Good Governanace. It is established in one of the papers that efforts made by successive Nigerian governments to curb out corruption through the establishment of some anti-corruption agencies such as the ICPC and the EFCC in Nigeria were undermined by the seeming absence of the rule of law and capital punishments for corrupt individuals in the country. As the solutions to these challenges, the paper concludes among others that corruption amongst law enforcement agencies in Nigeria such as the judiciary and the police further worsens the situation.

Papers in the second section are on Social Psychology. Using inmates in Anambra and FCT Correctional Centres in Nigeria as case studies, one of the papers in these sections argues theoretically and demonstrates empirically that family environment influence patterns of crime charged among inmates of correctional centers. It is therefore recommended that government through ministry of Humanitarian and Social Development  engage and assign professionals: Psychologists, Social workers, Clinical Psychologists and Forensic & Correctional Psychologists to families for need assessment, stress coping skills, rehabilitation and care and support services and as well would provide adequate and functional family environment services training and retraining on interpersonal relations, system maintenance and children’s personal growth and development, among others.

On the whole, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration and Educational Psychology.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Policy, Economic Repositioning, Social Corporate Resposibility, Rural Development, International Business, Tourism and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that corporate organizations that engage in philanthropic activities such as corporate social responsibility enjoy a sense of satisfaction and/or fulfillment by benefiting other people and developing the host community. As the solutions to the challenges Social Corporate Resposibility, the paper recommends among others that corporate entities should adopt the practice of corporate social responsibility by developing their host communities, employing people, creating jobs and advancing skill development.

Papers in the second section are on Educational Psychology. Using some private universities in Ogun State, Nigeria as case studies, one of the papers in these sections argues theoretically and demonstrates empirically that self-awareness related significantly to task performance of the academic staff of private universities. It is therefore recommended that the management of private universities should train their academic staff to acquire the competencies associated with self-awareness because a thorough understanding of oneself is an important determinant self-efficacy for improving personal performance.

In all, this issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Demography, Educational Management as well as Peace and Conflict Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Policy, Economic Repositioning, Social Corporate Resposibility, Rural Development, Election Management, External Debt Management and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that external debt had no significant effect on sustainable infrastructural development in Nigeria. As the solutions to the challenges, the paper recommends among others that the National Assembly and the Federal Ministry of Finance should ensure that external loans are tied to specific projects.

Section two explores issues in Peace and Peace Studies such as Use of Strikes by Labour Unions, Vilangitism in National Seurity, Criminal Victimization, Insurgency and the Institutional Service Quality of Security Agencies in Nigeria. In assessing and exploring Management Control and Institutional Service Quality in Nigeria Police Force and Nigeria Customs Service with the use of Mixed Research Design, one of the papers in this section concludes that Over-centralised management system of both agencies with Powers clearly concentrated in Abuja serves as impediment to service quality in the two agencies and suggests that the management of the NPF and NCS should institute effective management control mechanisms that is transparent and impartial to swiftly check its personnel excesses regardless of cadre in the agencies.

In the Section on Demography, one of the papers argues that climate change has critical human security impact on the countries under study and it is not a problem that one country can solve on its own as floods and droughts know no national boundaries. It, therefore, recommends concerted effort and cooperation between Nigeria and Niger Republic in tackling the issues associated with climate change.

Papers in the last section are on Educational Management. Using Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria as a case study, one of the papers in these sections reveals that one of the major challenges confronting public and private schools is lack of resources for science delivery, some of the community resources available were not utilized, science teachers' rating of the efficacy of community recourses in instructional delivery was high and there was no significant difference in the use of community resources between private and public secondary school science teachers (t= 0.130, df=478;p>.05). It is concluded that for science teachers to be effective in carrying out their instructional functions, there is need to harness and use the abundant resources of the surrounding communities in their teaching.

In all, this edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of NIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Philosophy, Educational Management as well as Political Economic Relations.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Crime fighting, Economic Repositioning, Nation Building, Service Delivery, Social Development, Resource Control and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that fall in revenue during Covid 19 lockdown has negatively affected the education sector in Nigeria. As the solutions to the challenges educational fundind during COVID-19, the paper recommends among others for the provision of infrastructure for learning, keeping students safe online, improved educational funding and reduction in taxes to educational institutions by government.

Section two explores issues in Political Economic Relations such as Multilateral Diplomacy, Religion, Contemporary Security Debacle in West Africa and the Political Economy of Colonial Administration in Africa. In assessing and exploring Nigeria's multilateral diplomacy, one of the papers in this section uses latent content analysis to mine data from existing documents, journal articles, newspapers, and policy papers to dissect the process of multilateralism in Nigeria's foreign policy and concluded that Nigeria's multilateral diplomacy is one of the most complex not only in Africa but also in the global south.

In the Section on Educational Management, one of the papers argues that the value of education is underlined by the fact that each society establishes an educational sytstem designed to serve its present and future needs. Education serves as an instrument for stability, change and renewal. Thus, the transmission of knowledge, skills and values is basic and information dissemination has been the key to achieving these laudable goals.

Papers in the last section are on Social Psychology. Using Lagos State in Nigeria as a case study, one of the papers in these sections reveals that one of the major challenges confronting mediation and administration of criminal justice in cases of spousal battery are underreporting and under prosecution associated with a myriad of problems accounting for adjournment and withdrawal of cases in court. Following this, the study recommends that society should exhibit zero tolerance to spousal battery. Law enforcement agencies like the Nigeria Police Force (NPF), the Court, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the media should champion the promotion of public sensitization and awareness of the laws prohibiting the crime, encourage victims to speak out, report the crime to appropriate authorities and assist victims to press for legal charges in court. Government should also show more commitment in decongesting the Domestic Violent Court and Citizens' Mediation Centre of civil cases like spousal battery and the provision of free treatment, as well as counseling and rehabilitation, to victims.

In all, this edition of NIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Educational Psychology, Human Resource Management as well as Peace and Conflict Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Fiscal Monetary Policy, Promotion of Indigenous Culture, Democratic Governance, Transformation of Histo-Colonial Sites and so on. It is revealed in one of the papers that colonial sites generally are valuable resources for socioeconomic development especially job creation, infrastructure development, small-scale enterprise, and overall economic advantages across. The study established that Niger state historical sites were abandoned by the governments since the attainment of political independence; and there are few or no investors to revive the colonial historical sites. In order to meet-up with the global practice and to boost the revenue base of the state cum socio-economic development, this paper recommends for legislation on annual budget to protect all the colonial historical sites. In the same vein, local and foreign investors should be encouraged to invest in the histo-colonial sites to boost the state economy, vis-à-vis addressing the problem of unemployment, increase trading activities, industrialization and above all help in increase the country gross domestic product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP).

Section two explores issues in Peace and Conflict Studies such as Criminal Label, Management of Separatists’ Agitations and Farmers-Herdsmen Crisis in Nigeria among others. Based on its findings, one of the papers argues that in order to overcome the menace of farmers-herdsmen conflict, there should be systematic effort for identifying the root causes of the problem so as to nib it in bulb. More importantly, resolving and strengthening traditional institutions portends an effective measure in the management of the farmers-herdsmen in Oyo State and Nigeria in general.

The third section deals with Educational Psychology. Relying on an emipirical study, one of the research papers in this section argues that both male and female students have low reading patterns and recommends among others that class teachers should set up reading corners in their classrooms and school libraries should be stocked with quality textbooks and reading materials. Counsellors should create awareness among students and parents about the importance of reading.

Papers in the last section are on Human Resource Management. Using a battery of test to elicit relevant information from bankers across six different banks in Nigeria, one of the papers in these sections reveals that job involvement has significant difference on due process; learning and development and customer relations. It is thus recommended that bank managers must do all in their power to promote job involvement in their companies, especially with their marketers. It is also suggested that fostering high levels of job involvement among employees can be an effective strategy to increase both forms of performance and to foster more positive attitudes and behaviours. Therefore banks should invest in conditions, which help to make marketers more involved in their jobs, this is important for the growth and profitability of the bank.

On the whole, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many educative and interesting research papers which are very useful to all and sundry.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Political Education, Educational Social Psychology as well as Peace and Conflict Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Rural Development, Human Resource Practice, Democratic Governance, Demographic Changes, Women Empowerment and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that that urbanization is very significant in reducing unemployment in the rural areas and promoting economic growth, therefore its importance should not be exaggerated. The study recommends that Sub Sahara African countries should put urbanization at the heart of their socio-economic policies and programmes so that it can extend economic opportunities and potentials to the rural areas, which will serve as impetus for rapid economic growth of the Sub Sahara African countries.

Section two explores issues in Political Education such as Usage of Media Advocacy Election, Voting Behaviour, Elite Self Recruitment, Party Defection and Consolidation of Democracy. Based on its findings, one of the papers argues that since party defections are not driven by fundamental ideological considerations, the outcome is an unstable opposition which is unable to sustain and consolidate the gains of democracy. The paper, thererfore, recommends that party manifestoes be supreme with laws made to limit defections. Elected representatives should also lose their seats if they defect outside the procedure to be provided for in the electoral act.

The third section deals with Peace and Conflict Resolution Strategies. Relying on an emipirical study, one of the research papers in this section argues that despite the equal inclination of religion to peace and conflict, it is more prone to conflict than peace, especially because of its inherent proneness to segregation and manipulation. The paper, therefore, recommends a general re-orientation of all stakeholders of peace and conflict in relation to the role of religion in the society, following the realist, rather than the utopian, claims that help maintain the unwanted influence of religion on the balance of peace and conflict in human society.  According to the paper, this re-orientation is necessary because it will help clear the scholarly confusions on ground and to place religion in its rightful place in the promotion of the necessary balance of peace and conflict in human society.

Papers in the last section are on Educational Social Psychology. Using focus group discussion method to elicit relevant information, including key informant interview with the students, teachers and parents of Essence Secondary School, at 10 Kashim Ibrahim Road in Kaduna metropolis, one of the papers in these sections reveals that television viewing does take away from credible academic performance, as well as influence behaviors and actions of the students.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many educative and interesting research papers which are very useful to all and sundry.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Human Resource Management, Social Psychology, Communication Studies as well as Demography.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Rural Development, Nation Building, Democratic Governance, Foreign Policy and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that before venturing on a national or global assignment, it is probably necessary to identify the cultural differences that may exist between one's home country and the country of business operation; where the differences exist, one must decide whether and to what extent the home-country practices may be adapted to the foreign environment, the paper therefore suggests the need for entrepreneurs and cultural migrants to learn their client’s culture, promote appreciation of cultural differences, be open to trying new things, exhibit hospitality and be accommodating, everywhere and every time.

Section two explores issues in Human Resource Management such as Pesonnel Recruitment, Motivation, Development and Training. Based on its findings, one of the papers finds out that many higher institutions have existing recruitment processes and practices which stimulate quality manpower but poor human resource planning, inexperienced employers, inadequate information on vacancy, inadequate job content among many others are the challenges encountered during the recruitment practice. The study therefore, concludes that recruitment process still has a long way to go especially in the academic setting and it is recommended that further studies should be carried out on probable solutions to arrest the challenges associated with it.

The third section explores the impact on certain educational practices such as Overloaded Curriculum Content, Test taking, the Use of Social Media and Instructional Materials on teaching and learning. In a survey carried out in one of the research papers in this section, most of the respondents strongly agreed that overloaded curriculum content is one of the major factors responsible for students' underachievement in basic science and technology. It is therefore suggested that the curriculum content should be reduced to manageable size that teachers can treat within a given school academic calendar.

In the Section on Communication Studies, one of the papers examines cases of female sex trafficking in Nigeria. It posits that female sex trafficking is a form of modern slavery that strips victims of their fundamental human rights in a manner that is considered inhumane. This is because, according to the paper, victims are subject to various levels of abuse such as sexual violence and which often affect their psychological wellbeing. Victims of female sex trafficking are either abducted or deceived into subscribing for a travel opportunity abroad in search of a better life.  The paper therefore, recognizes the media as a channel through which social issues such as human trafficking is addressed in society and film have become a major platform for mirroring the nature of the occurrence of these issues presented for education and advocacy through entertainment.  The Nigerian film industry (Nollywood) have produced several films on trafficking and the paper seeks to critically analyze the use of language, tone, and the treatment of salient issues presented in the movie Ã’lòturé which focuses on female sex trafficking among sex workers otherwise called prostitutes in order to present a novelty in the portrayal of the subject matter through film

Papers in the last section are on Agronomy and Demographic Studies. Using Socio-Demographic Determinants of Malnutrition among under five Children in Mubi South Local Government Area in Adamawa State Nigeria as Case Studies, one of the papers in these sections reveals that mothers age, mothers’ education, the type of toilet used, household size, and antenatal (ANC), were not significant and as such does not make any impact as a determining factor of child malnutrition. It therefore recommends, among others, that mothers should adhere to the old practice of exclusive breast feeding.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many educative and interesting research papers which are very useful to all and sundry.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Philosophy, Communication Studies as well as Teaching and Learning Skills.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Rural Development, Food Security, Governance, Election Administration, Crime Control, Social Security and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that without effective leadership function, no security agency can function well. As the solutions to the challenges of ineffective leadership function in the Nigerian security organizations, the paper suggested that: rule of law should been forced on all Nigerians including the Police and other security personnel; management section of the security agencies should ensure proper checkmating between the different divisions; police corruption must be fought by frequently monitoring the activities of the organization; the reward package(salary) of the Nigerian Police and other security agencies should be reviewed.

Section two explores issues in Social Philosophy such as Environmental Sustainability, Religion, Conflict Management Strategies, Political Freedom and Ecologisation. Based on the findings that there is significant prediction of the use of conflict management strategy on peace culture among undergraduates (F_(1,1798) = 18.709; P < .000) and an indication of a significant difference in the undergraduate perception of university peace culture (MD = 8.38; t = 5.205; P <.05), one of the papers in this section recommends that the school management should ensure that non-violent means is employed as an intervention technique for conflict resolution in schools. This, according to the paper, will encourage peaceful co-existence and teamwork between students, staffs and other members of the school community.

In the Section on Communication Studies, one of the papers examines the effects of video drama intervention on the knowledge of breast cancer and practice intention of its early detection methods among Aboh Mbaise women of Imo State, Nigeria. Based on the findings which show that the intervention significantly improved participants’ knowledge of; breast cancer (x̅=42.02 experimental and x̅=26.02 control), early detection methods (t(49)=22.74, p=0.000<0.05) and intention to practice the methods (t(49)=19.50, p=0.000<0.05), with a significant difference of (t(49)=1.95, p=0.057>0.05), it is concluded that frequent exposure to health based video drama is effective means of enlightening the rural women on breast cancer concerns, while recommending it application on regularly basis.

Papers in the last section are on Teaching and Learning Skills. Using Public High Schools in Osun State Nigeria as Case Studies, one of the papers in these sections reveals that the teaching methods mostly used by the Economics teachers for the implementation of Economics curriculum contents in High Schools include: discussion method, question and answer method, problem solving method, project method, role play method, and demonstration method.  Economics teachers utilize teaching resources for the implementation of Economics curriculum in High Schools to a medium extent and students’ perception on the objectives of Senior Secondary School Economics curriculum was good. It therefore recommends, among others, that teachers should utilize the available resources for the implementation of Economics curriculum; principals in all senior secondary schools should embark on regular supervision of delivery of Economics instructions in the classroom to ensure that the appropriate methods and materials are used by the teachers; and Economics teachers should always utilize students-centred methods for the implementation of Economics Curriculum.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Social Philosophy, Business Administration and Communication Studies.

 The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Governanance, Election Administration, Crime Control, Social Security and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that absence of police legitimacy is responsible for the inability of the police to get assistance from the public in the area of crime control because they see the police as being corrupt, using force illegitimately, lacking integrity, and bereft of trust and accountability. From the findings of the study, the adoption of human factors approach as a means of redressing police legitimacy crisis in Nigeria is therefore recommended. The human factors approach entails the police frantically building and gathering integrity, trust, accountability, responsibility and other virtues to itself. It is strongly believed that the development and adoption of human factor features among the police will go a long way in redeeming their battered image, and thus repositioning the force on the part of efficiency in crime control in Nigeria

Section two explores issues in Social Psychology such as Job Commitment and Satisfaction, Emotional Intelligence, Motivation, Marketing Strategies as well as Health Counselling. Based on the findings that there is a significant positive relationship between work commitment and work efficacy, job satisfaction, emotional intelligence and motivation, it is revealed in one of the papers that employers of labor must make it a point of duty to formulate policies and create programmes that would strengthen these factors among their workers in order to ensure commitments.

In the Section on Social Philosophy, one of the papers raises significant issues about ethical relativism and the environment, and interrogates them stage by stage to enable adequate attention and instantaneous response to the issues raised. The study adopts the conceptual and critical methods of philosophical analyses. It concludes that since environmental crises and challenges transcend individual cultures, the solutions to these challenges cannot be localized or laid in the ambient of a particular culture.

Papers in Section Four highlight the important issues in Business and Industrial Relations such as Bargaining Strategies, Enterprenurship, Cash Flow Optimization Strategies, Strike Actions and so on. One of the papers establishes that there is a significant relationship between strike action and quality service delivery of manufacturing companies and therefore recommends that governments should enforce and ensure that labour laws are complied with, by all company’s management or executives. Also, management should prioritize the setting up of good negotiation panel or communication network concerning terms and conditions of employment to avoid strikes.

Papers in the last section are on Communication Studies. Using Nigeria’s National Film and Video Censor’s Board as a Case Study, one of the papers in these sections reveals that many stakeholders in the movie industry see their involvement as an avenue to improve on the lot of their economic wellbeing, and thusly, attempt to control their activities can be entirely troublesome. It therefore recommends, among others, a strong collaboration among relevant bodies such as; the police, the Nigeria Customs, the Nigerian Communication Commission, the Nigerian Immigration Service and so forth, would go a long way to protect the works of both local and international artists and ultimately encourage them to produce more creative works. Aside from protection, such technical cooperation would also help mitigate the incidence of litigation.

 In all, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences features many interesting research papers. Some of these papers are empirical in nature while others have theoretical base. Each of them focuses on one specific social and management problem or the other; trying to proffer solutions to them. Readers are therefore advised to make proper use of the ideas presented by the various authors.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Management, Human Resource Management, Business Management as well as Peace and Conflict Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Globalization, Millenium Development, Community-Oriented Policing, Capital Maket Development and so on. It is argued in one of the papers that although globalization is creating a high level of homogeneity in the needs and desires of the world and with globalization, economies and communities become integrated into a centralized arrangement of ideas especially for developed countries’ markets and technology but the phenomenon also bears negative impact on various economies especially the developing ones whose economies rather than growing continue to think. One area of negative consequence of globalization, established in the paper, is in the activities of trade unions. The paper therefore looks at the phenomenon and the extent to which its impact on trade unionism in Nigeria and proffers mitigating efforts.

Section two explores issues in Peace and Conflict Studies such as electoral best practices, Statutory Disputes Settlement Mechanisms, avoiding jungle justice amongst others. It is revealed in one of the papers that business place conflicts can be easily avoided where the entrepreneur is well tutored and skillful in the art of Conflict Management. The findings and recommendations in this study will help to enlighten entrepreneurs on strategic conflicts management in an organization.

In the Section on Social Psychology, it is revealed that reasons for the increase in crimes in Nigeria includes unemployment/under-employment and urbanization which are increasing more widely and rapidly than improvement in the social and economic condition as such, functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water should be provided in the rural areas. Based on these findings, it is recommended amongst others, that Functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water should be provided in the rural areas. And that Forensic Psychologists should be employed in order to provide a template to the government of Kaduna State on how to curb up crime and reduce migration from rural- urban centers.

Papers in Section Four highlight the importance of technolonogy in teaching and learning. One of the papers reveals that many students are not unaware of the instructional media that can be used to learn. It therefore recommends that students be enlightened on the instructional media that can aid their learning of Mathematics and parents/guardians should be encouraged to provide some basic instructional media. 

Papers in the fourth and fifth Sections are on Educational Psychology and Educational Management. Using Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria as a Case Study, one of the papers in these sections discovers that low knowledge and low level of awareness on sex education, cultural beliefs of mothers towards the teaching of sex education in Abattoir community. It therefore, recommends among others that health educators should give health talks on sex education more frequently, programs on health should be watched, and mothers should get close to their adolescents. Health educators, mothers, both parents should take note of the above findings and utilize it well.

The last two sections are on Human Resource and Business Management. Based on emperical findings, it is established here that observance of national holidays has positive impact on job performance and governments are advised to create more holidays for workers as this will not only give them opportunity to recover from work strain but also help to ensure their long term workability  with improve performance.

On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human endeavour. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Gender Studies, Educational Technology, Business and Entrepreneurship Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Leadership Recruitment, International Oil Politics, Waste Management, Conflict Management, Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation. It is argued in one of the papers that modes of leadership recruitment have not been credible, transparent and fair. It is indicated that poor conducts during the electoral process has reinforced poverty at the grassroots level. Hence, poor leadership recruitment has affected anti-poverty programmes instituted to combat high level of poverty at the grassroots level in selected states. The paper recommends that there is an urgent need to ensure the credibility, transparency and fairness of modes of leadership recruitment, especially party primary elections in Nigeria. In addition, the electoral umpire should be strengthened for an improved management of the electoral process.

Section two explores the social and cultural factors that influence educational, political and judicial activities in the society. It is revealed in one of the papers that there is a high level of awareness, belief and positive perception of police officers to juju practice in criminalities and crime-fighting. Police officers’ adoption of juju powers as a counterforce to combat juju-using criminals appears to be on the increase while they advocate for the recognition of the potency of juju rituals by the criminal justice system. It is therefore recommended that government and police authorities should recognize, orientate, regulate, and engage juju practice and priests, and maintain sound police-community relations in tackling juju-using criminals suggests that students should be thought measures on how to develop their emotional intelligence both by parents and teachers in school.

In the Section on Business and Entrepreneurship Studies, it is revealed that business education can reduce the rising rates of absolute poverty and unemployment in Nigeria to a high extent, but is ineffective to address environmental degradation in Nigeria. Based on these findings, it is recommended amongst others, that Government, non-governmental organizations and stakeholders in the education sector should adequately fund business education programmes for sustainable economic growth and development.

Papers in Section Four highlight the importance of technolonogy in teaching and learning. One of the papers reveals that many students are not unaware of the instructional media that can be used to learn. It therefore recommends that students be enlightened on the instructional media that can aid their learning of Mathematics and parents/guardians should be encouraged to provide some basic instructional media. 

Papers in the fourth Section are on Gender Studies. One of the papers in this section discovers that survival sex health implications are significant in all tertiary institutions, amongst the health implications are unwanted pregnancy and illegal abortion; the health implications are significant in both public and private tertiary institutions. It therefore recommends, among others, that that campaign against survival sex should be floated by government and nongovernmental organizations through media.

The last section is on History and Religious Studies. Attempt is made here to dig out the defining features that distinguish modern science from other disciplines from its historical antecedents. Historical exegesis of the rise of modern science is also carried out drawing out its defining characteristics, from the early Greek philosophers through the medieval era to modern times. It is shown that the defining features of modern science are common place procedures carried out by people in their daily activities but, which, taken together as a research procedure, amount to one of the most powerful tools man has devised to know, to conquer, and to control nature.

On the whole, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human endeavour. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Organizational Management, Educational Management, Religious, Peace and Conflict Studies as well as Gender and Literary Studies.

The first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Administration such as Monetaty Policies, Crime Management. Investment in Teacher Education, Tax Administration, Corruption and Corporate Social Resposibility, in Nigeria as well as the politics and effects of removal of ptetoleum subsidy. It is argued in one of the papers that except the Government tackles the status of poverty, stream of unemployment and underemployment in Nigeria, the chances of police efficiency in crime management is doubtful and the development of the country will be hard to achieve.

Section two explores the social and cultural factors that affect the academic performance of students in various institutions of learning in the society. One of the papers suggests that students should be thought measures on how to develop their emotional intelligence both by parents and teachers in school.

In the Section on Organizational Management, it is recommended that administrators of tertiary institutions and government should endeavour to maintain cordial relationship with their labour force to enhance lecturers’ productivity and or performance. This is drawn from the conclusion that unhealthy labour-management relationship negatively affects lecturers’ performance in tertiary institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria.

Papers in Section Four amplify some issues in Religious, Peace and Conflict Studies. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed in the papers. One of the papers reveals that religious groups play several roles in tilting the policies of Nigeria internal and external dealings as a Muslim leader prefers to work with Muslim administrators while those of Christians have faith in co-Christians irrespective of the competency and experiences of governance of the sect members. This also affects the external relationships these leaders propose or entered into while they are in power. Another paper in this section disclosed that the inequality-insecurity nexus is particularly made daunting by constant intimidation of the lower-class by powerful rich which drives the socially excluded into conflict, terrorism and other behaviour that threaten security. It therefore recommends that the cycle of insecurity occasioned by socioeconomic inequality can only be broken by deliberate policy interventions with political commitment.

Papers in Section Five are on Gender and Literary Studies. One of the papers in this section recommends, among others, that Physical Education agencies should work hard with the traditional rulers of the area of study, through seminars, conferences, etc, to educate and create awareness on the rights and importance of women to recreational activities, especially in the zone of study. It also recommended the restructuring of Women’s Education with emphasis on physical activities and recreation for leisure values.

The last section is on Educational Management. It is argued in this section that bad reading habit amongst students have significant negative impact on their academic achievement and health condition. One of the recommendations made in the paper is that students should be encouraged to borrow books from the library regularly since this can help them to inculcate reading habits.

In summary, this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on all aspects of human endeavour. Collaborative and cooperative approaches are offered as best approaches for dealing with matters that lead to the instability of communities, societies, economies, and the environment. The theoretical analyses provide opportunities to operationalize the theories discussed in the articles. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Administration, Political Education, Social Psychology, Organizational Management and Educational Technology.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Development Administration such as rural and community development, International Portfolio Diversification, Remittances, Foreign Aid and Private Consumption, development policies such as Universal Basic Education System, Technical and Vocational Education Programme, Primary Healthcare and Maternal Mortality among others. It is through Development Administration that projects, programs, policies and ideas which are focused at development of a nation, with the point of view of socio-economic and socio-political development of society in general, carried out by talented and skilled bureaucrats. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that no reasonable rural development can take place without agricultural development and   rural people’s participation in the development efforts meant to develop their communities. The researchers therefore recommended among others that rural development efforts both from the government and Non-governmental organization should give the development of agriculture a priority through agricultural extension.

Section two explores Political Education as an instrument of preparing citizens of a country, especially the young, to carry out their civic roles. Political education therefore is the inculcation of the virtues, knowledge, and skills necessary for political participation. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in the concept and perception of citizenship education, role of political parties, peace and security,basic consumers’ rights and utilization among others. Using Edo South Senatorial District in Nigeria as a case study, one of the papers in this section argues that there is no difference between the ways the experienced Social Studies teachers and the less experienced perceived the objectives of Citizenship Education. Based on the result, it is recommended, among others, that there should be full scale implementation of the citizenship education curriculum in schools because of the growing incivility in the country.

Section Three focuses attention on Social Psychology. One of the papers in this section establishes that job stress has a significant impact on the integration of one’s family and that families differ in their expectations concerning stress present at work. It therefore suggests that there should be provision for employee training in the area of stress management periodically so that employees can personally be conscious of what they need to do to stay healthy and to stay productive.

Papers in the fourth section of this edition center on Organizational Management. Organizational Management helps in Achieving Group Goals. It arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to achieve goals. It directs group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals. Based on its findings, one of the papers in this section posits that nature of formalization is not significantly correlated with employee performance. And therefore suggests among others that University should encourage hierarchical layer as a means of influencing employees’ performance.

Papers in the last section of this edition deal with educational technology. With the help of educational technology, teachers can pay attention to every single student's achievements and they can personalize the educational process. The teacher can also use different methods to capture the students' attention and assess their progress. With that approach, the learning process can be enhanced. That is why one of the papers in this section suggests, as a result of its findings, that the government should provide ICT resources to secondary schools in Nigeria and also educational authorities should lay more emphasis on modern educational resources that promote effectiveness in teaching and learning process.

All the articles in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences, in sum, are interesting and well researched. Kudos to the contributors and all members of the editorial board for a job well done.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Entreprenurship / Business Studies, International Economic Relations, Human Resource Management, Literary Studies, Educational Management, Gender Studies as well as Education and Rural Development.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Entreprenurship and Business Studies such as cooperative loan, small scale businesses, fiscal deficit, domestic credit and strategic planning among others. It is through Entreprenurship and Business Studies that investigations are made into how commercial potentials of every invention can be explored and how to organize the capital, talent, and other resources that turn an invention into a commercially viable innovation. Papers in this section focus on the launching and running of businesses, due to the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a significant proportion of start-up businesses have to close due to "lack of funding, bad business decisions, an economic crisis, lack of market demand, or a combination of all of these. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that that the commercial banks loan to the industrial sector and the interest rate have negative relationship with industrial output and are significant to industrial output while the exchange rate has a positive relationship with industrial output and it is also significant to industrial output. The researchers therefore recommended among others there is  need to provide adequate financing , stabilized exchange rate, reduced interest rate and provides effective monitoring of the loan disbursed by commercial banks.

Section two explores explores International Economic Relations as an instrument of promoting successful trade policies between nations. As long as there are sovereign states, analysis of international economy shall differ from the rest of economics science. Through International Economic Relations, basic theories of international trade, institutionalization of trade and financial relations through international forums, problems of capital movement and transnational corporations (TNC), regional economic integrations, international monetary system, international financial institutions, debt crisis, as well as payment balance as an account giving a survey of foreign economic transactions of a country are well known. Therefore, the role of International Economic Relations in offering a general review of contemporary economic problems, both on the level of real flows (trade, direct foreign investment) and from the financial aspect, enabling student for easier understanding of the phenomenon of world economy, international division of labor and international economic flows becomes priceless. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in International Economic Relations such as Globalization, factors determing foreign policies, Linguistic Pan-Africanism, International Trade, Economic Growth, Estimated Generalized Least Square and so on. One of the papers argues that money supply is negative significant under both pooled regression and Estimated Generalized Least Square Regression, but positively and negative but statistically not significant under fixed effect and random effect respectively.and therefore recommends that Sub-Sahara African countries should pursue export promotion and import substitution with the sincerity of purpose. The monetary policies that will manipulate money supply to level of capable economy growth and avoid inflationary pressure should be adopted.

Section Three deals with Human Resource Management which has a strategic role in managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Using Nigeria Immigration Officers as case studies, one of the papers in this section argues that there is no significant interaction effect of job decision latitude and organizational support on job demand and mental strain.  However, job demands have additive effects on mental strain, whereas high job control can ameliorate the negative effects of high job demands. It is therefore, recommended therefore that the management of paramilitary service in Nigeria should give more attention to organizational support in order to minimize mental strain among the immigration officers and similar bodies.

Section Four focuses attention on Literary and Gender Studies. One of the papers in this section exemplified the roles of women in the metamorphic development of Yoruba drama, especially the contemporary film era, to drive home the point that with her ‘sacred’ mien and composition, the female gender can purposefully write, produce, act and direct films that can aid Nigeria in solving the present socio-political challenges that are threatening her very existence. It therefore suggests that government and non-profit organizations in Nigeria should encourage female film producers by commissioning film projects to them and assisting them financially with self-productions.

Sections Five and Six which centre on Educational Management as well as the role of Education in Rural Development feature papers meant to that can enhance planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so utilizing human and material resources so as to effectively and efficiently accomplish functions of teaching and extension work and research.

All the articles in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences, in sum, are interesting and well researched. Kudos to the contributors and all members of the editorial board for a job well done.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Political Economy, Political Education, Educational Administration, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology as well as Teaching and Learning Skills.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Political Economy such as health care management, capital market development, city administration, funding tertiary education and barriers to internet shopping among others. The Political Economy deals with the empirical reality, theory, and current governance problems of development, poverty, and inequality. It is through Political Economy that investigations are made into how certain factors influence economic development in a society. Some of these factors may include colonialism, state capacity, regime type, war and conflict, accountability and social structures. Papers in this section x-ray both economic theory regarding development and political science research that highlight the challenges to implementing the policies that would lead to economic development. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that most tertiary institutions in Nigeria are faced with infrastructural decay as a result of poor funding. The researchers therefore recommended among others the encouragement of private participation, the raising of the education tax collected/or TETFund from 2% to 5% and the revisiting of the practice of Treasury Single Account (TSA) for our tertiary institutions.

Section two explores explores Political Education as an instrument of national consciousness. As social beings, men cannot avoid living in groups in order to survive and achieve comfortable living. But the survival and comfort of the individuals depend on how well the socio-political and economic environments of the society are managed. Effective and massive political participation of the citizens in the management of their own affairs are necessary for the political and economic stability of the society. The role of political education in enhancing this stability becomes priceless. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in Political Education such as Nationhood and National Consciousness, Contemporary Vigilantism, Media and Security Education, the Rationality of Mititar Rule, Citizenship Knowledge and so on. One of the papers argues that there is a common chord among the different components of socio-economic and political strides that links national security and eternal vigilance by citizens and agencies of state statutorily empowered to so do and therefore recommends promotion of security must receive the greatest official and individual attention to ensure safety for all citizens through the instrumentality of education and effective media- driven enlightenment.

Sections Three, Four and Five which centre on Teaching and Learning Skills as well as Educational Management and Educational Psychology features paper meant to explain how people learn and retain knowledge as well as how to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.

On the whole, all the papers in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences are interesting and well researched.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Studies, Entrepreneurship Studies, Human Rights and Gender Studies Educational Psychology, Educational Management, Moral Education and Physical and Health Education.

The first section of this edition addresses various issues in Entrepreneurship Studies such as training packages, self-esteem and achievement striving among others. Entrepreneurship Studies aids students from all socioeconomic backgrounds to think outside the box and nurture unconventional talents and skills. It creates opportunities, ensures social justice, instills confidence and stimulates the economy. Entrepreneurship studies is a lifelong learning process, starting as early as elementary school and progressing through all levels of education, including adult education. Introducing young kids to entrepreneurship develops their initiative and helps them to be more creative and self-confident in whatever they undertake and to act in a socially responsible way. There are many ways entrepreneurship lessons can be integrated in the school curriculum. It was revealed in one of the papers in this section that self-esteem and achievement striving has both relative and composite contributions towards entrepreneurial aspiration of the youths. The researchers therefore recommended strategies such as mentoring of students by the established entrepreneurs in the industries; review of entrepreneurship education curriculum among others.

Section two explores explores Development Studies is a multi- and inter- disciplinary field of study (i.e. not a discipline) that seeks to understand social, economic, political, technological and cultural aspects of societal change. Little wonder, Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Academic scholars tend to focus primarily on research or teaching aspect of Development. Papers, in this second part of the Journal, addresses issues in Development Studies such as Millennium Dvelopment Goals, importance of self-employment, modernization theory and so on. One of the papers argues that there are many internal factors in Africa that hinder her development and therefore recommends amongst others that there should be effective leadership in Africa and also efforts should be made to fight corruption and adhere to the principles of rule of law.

In today’s world, Gender equality is still at the very heart of human rights and United Nations values. A fundamental principle of the United Nations Charter adopted by world leaders in 1945 is "equal rights of men and women", and protecting and promoting women's human rights is the responsibility of all States. This is why the third section of this edition is devoted to issues in Human Rights and Gender Studies such as Gender Mainstreaming, Inclusion Education and Girl Child Education.

Sections Four and Five which centre on Educational Management and Educational Psychology features paper meant to explain how people learn and retain knowledge as well as how to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.

One purpose of moral education is to help make children virtuous - honest, responsible, and compassionate. Another is to make mature students informed and reflective about important and controversial moral issues. Both purposes are embedded in a yet larger project—making sense of life. It is against this backdrop that the sixth section of this issue concentrates on topics that will enable readers acquire those virtues or moral habits that will help them individually live good lives and at the same time become productive, contributing members of their communities.

The last section is on Physical and Health Education. This is borne out of the fact that Physical education in high school is essential to the development of motor skills and the enhancement of reflexes. Hand-eye coordination is improved, as well as good body movements, which helps in the development of a healthy body posture. Physical education teaches students the importance of Physical Health.

In all, all the papers in this edition of KIU Journal of Social Sciences are interesting and thought provoking.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Development Studies, Entrepreneurship Studies, Legal Studies and Educational Management.

Development Studies is a multi- and inter- disciplinary field of study (i.e. not a discipline) that seeks to understand social, economic, political, technological and cultural aspects of societal change. No wonder, Developmental psychologists study human growth and development over the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. Developmental psychologists working in colleges and universities tend to focus primarily on research or teaching. That is why the first part of the Journal addresses issues in Development Studies such as civil society engament in attainment of sustainable goals, democracy, functional education, vocational training and so on. One of the papers argues that Civil Society Organization has potential roles to play in the effective implementation of the Sustainabl Development Goals as well as to enhance their engagement, impact and effectiveness in global development processes.

Section two explores the role of entrepreneurship Studies in National Development. Entrepreneurship is focused on developing knowledge, skills, and understanding of how an innovative and creative idea, product, or process can be used to form a new and successful business or to help an existing firm to grow and expand. For this purpose Government also welcomes entrepreneurs to start their business. Entrepreneurs can change the way we live and work. If successful, their revolutions may improve our standard of living. In short, in addition to creating wealth from their entrepreneurial ventures, they also create jobs and the conditions for a flourishing society. With the help of various empiral examples, papers in this section are able to prove that GDP growth rate is positively related to index of industrial production while the poverty rate and government expenditure on national security have negative signs which is an indication of the high rate of unemployment in Nigeria as many able bodied youth and graduates are not employed and as such, depended on the working population for survival which increases the rate of abject poverty. One of the papers, therefore, suggests that government should not only integrate entrepreneurship education as an integral part of the curriculum across all levels of education but should also establish skills acquisition centres across the country to reduce youth unemployment stem down the rate of poverty and insecurity in the country..

In today’s world, Excellence in legal education and research is extremely important, because it will help shape the quality of the rule of law. The invaluable experiences that legal education can offer to future lawyers are several. Primary among them is exposure. ... These are essential for the intelligent practice of law. This is why the third section of this edition is devoted to issues in Legal Studies such as legal duties of personnels in Secondary Schools, Protection of Teachers’ Rights and Professional Footballers’ Rights. One of the papers recommends the continuous improvement of awareness of legal duties through seminars; workshops; training of school principals on Education Law as well as updating Students Handbook to upgrade rules and penalties for violation.

The last section which centres on Education Management features papers meant to helps in decision making and problem –solving, communication and managing information and building effective teams. It is recommended that participation in training and developmental programmes should be encouraged, to keep them abreast of current knowledge of research and teaching and to reduce redundancy.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains certain theoretical and empirical papers that keeing to provide solutions to one societal problem or the other. There is therefore something for everyone in this edition.

This issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences focuses on Social Psychology, Educational Psychology, Educational Technology, Political Education as well as Business and Entrepreneurship Studies.

Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Social Psychology has an important role in the educational sector. It helps in improvement of teaching techniques, learning practices, intelligence level and cognition skills of students, motivation of students and student-teacher relationship. Poor academic performance of students is mostly due to socio-psychological issues. Restrctive environment, lack of encouragement, punishments, overburden of studies, fear of failure in examination and harsh treatment destroy student’s creativity. That is why the first part of the Journal addresses issues in Social Psychology such as parenting styles, marriage compatibility, cross cultural understading and social media usage and so on. One of the papers argues that students from authoritative parenting have positive attitude than students from other parenting styles. The paper therefore, recommended that teachers should take cognizance of the fact that students are from various homes and with different parenting styles thereby catering for the individual differences that may affect their attitudes to learning.

Section two explores the role of technology in teaching and learning. Technology has the ability to enhance relationships between teachers and students. When teachers effectively integrate technology into subject areas, teachers grow into roles of adviser, content expert, and coach. Technology helps make teaching and learning more meaningful and fun. Today, more than ever, the role of educational technology in teaching is of great importance because of the use of information and communication technologies. With the help of various applications for distance education, the Internet, teachers, and students themselves, they see the advantage of educational technology.

In today’s world, entrepreneurship is focused on developing knowledge, skills, and understanding of how an innovative and creative idea, product, or process can be used to form a new and successful business or to help an existing firm to grow and expand. ... For this purpose Government also welcomes entrepreneurs to start their business. However, risk taking is a dominant attribute of entrepreneurial activities, as the higher the risk-taking orientation, the higher a firm’s profitability and growth. This is why one of the papers in the last section of this edition establishes the effect of entrepreneurial risk taking on performance of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). It recommends that recommends that operators should always identify and assess the trends of the opportunities impending before taking risk not just dare risk as this will help to address the rate at which SMEs managers, owners and staff  take risk, so that risk taking will relate and significantly influence their performance.

In all, this issue of KIU Journal of Social Sciences contains papers that have information on various fields of human endeavour. The theoretical and empirical analyses in the papers provide solutions to one societal problem or the other. The authors’ teachings and areas of research must have certainly influenced their perspectives on the diagnoses of the matters they have addressed in their articles.